A solar absorption chiller converts solar thermal energy into cooling capacity through a thermochemical absorption process rather than mechanical compression. This technology generates chilled water using heat input of 70-95°C (158-203°F), making it ideal for solar thermal and waste heat integration.
Technical Details
Absorption chillers use lithium bromide or ammonia working fluids in sealed circuits containing generator, condenser, evaporator, and absorber components. Solar-heated water enters the generator at 80-90°C, driving vapor generation and subsequent cooling cycle. Chilling capacity ranges from 5-350 kW for residential through industrial applications. Units require 3-5 m³/h cooling tower water flow for heat rejection.
Applications and Significance
Solar absorption chillers provide sustainable cooling for hotels, hospitals, office buildings, and industrial facilities in hot climates. System efficiency (COP of 0.6-0.8) means one unit of cooling requires approximately 1.25 units of solar thermal input. Integration with thermal storage tanks extending 500-2000 liters enables nighttime cooling. Capital costs range from 12000-25000 euros for 10-20 kW systems, with 12-15 year payback periods in regions with consistent solar resources above 1600 kWh/m²/year.