Combined Heat and Power (CHP) refers to energy systems that produce electricity and thermal energy simultaneously from a single fuel source, improving overall efficiency compared to separate generation. CHP systems capture otherwise-wasted heat from power generation for heating applications, achieving energy utilization rates of 60 to 85 percent.
Technical Details
CHP systems employ reciprocating engines, gas turbines, micro-turbines, or fuel cells rated from 5 kilowatts to 50 megawatts. Thermal recovery occurs through shell-and-tube heat exchangers or economizers that capture exhaust heat. Typical electrical efficiency ranges from 25 to 50 percent while thermal efficiency reaches 40 to 55 percent. System sizing matches the thermal base load to maximize heat utilization and economic returns.
Applications and Standards
CHP serves commercial buildings, industrial facilities, and district energy systems. The EPA recognizes CHP as a clean energy technology, and qualifying systems may receive federal tax incentives under Internal Revenue Code Section 48C. Grid interconnection requirements follow IEEE 1547 standards. Effective applications include facilities with consistent thermal loads, such as hospitals, universities, and food processing plants, where CHP improves reliability and reduces utility costs.