Formaldehyde is a colorless, pungent gas released from building materials, furniture, and finishes that poses respiratory and health risks. Common sources include particleboard, plywood, carpet adhesives, and foam insulation. Indoor formaldehyde concentrations typically range from 0.02 to 0.1 ppm, though poorly ventilated spaces can exceed EPA recommended limits of 0.1 ppm.
Health Effects and Sources
Formaldehyde exposure causes eye, nose, and throat irritation, coughing, and asthma exacerbation. Long-term exposure links to nasal cancer and leukemia. New construction releases highest formaldehyde levels during first 6 to 12 months. Off-gassing decreases with time, ventilation, and temperature control.
Control and Mitigation
Increased ventilation and ACH rates reduce formaldehyde accumulation. Maintaining indoor humidity between 30% and 50% and temperatures below 75°F slows off-gassing. Activated carbon and photocatalytic air purification systems remove formaldehyde effectively. Selecting low-VOC and formaldehyde-free building materials during construction prevents contamination, protecting occupant health in residential and commercial environments.